Context是什么，有什么用

在Android开发中，Context是一个抽象类，它是Android运用程序环境的一部分。它供给了拜访运用程序资源和履行各种操作的接口。能够说，Context是Android运用程序与体系环境进行交互的桥梁。

Context的效果包括：

拜访运用程序资源：经过Context，能够获取运用程序的资源，如字符串、布局文件、图像等。这些资源能够在运用程序的各个组件中运用，例如Activity、Service、BroadcastReceiver等。
发动组件：经过Context，能够发动其他组件，如发动Activity、发动Service、发送播送等。它供给了拜访体系服务的才能，如发动其他运用程序、发送体系播送等。
获取运用程序的上下文：经过Context，能够获取运用程序的上下文，如获取ApplicationContext，用于在整个运用程序中同享数据或履行全局操作。
拜访体系服务：经过Context，能够拜访各种体系服务，如获取体系级的服务（如传感器服务、位置服务）、拜访设备功用（如摄像头、存储器）、履行网络操作等。
拜访运用程序的文件：经过Context目标，能够获取运用程序的文件目录，创立、读取、写入和删去文件等操作。
处理资源生命周期：经过Context，能够办理运用程序资源的生命周期，如创立、毁掉目标、注册和注销监听器等。它供给了一种机制，保证资源的正确运用和释放，避免内存走漏等问题。

public abstract AssetManager getAssets();
/**
 * Returns a Resources instance for the application's package.
 * <p>
 * <strong>Note:</strong> Implementations of this method should return
 * a Resources instance that is consistent with the AssetManager instance
 * returned by {@link #getAssets()}. For example, they should share the
 * same {@link Configuration} object.
 *
 * @return a Resources instance for the application's package
 * @see #getAssets()
 */
public abstract Resources getResources();
/** Return PackageManager instance to find global package information. */
public abstract PackageManager getPackageManager();
/** Return a ContentResolver instance for your application's package. */
public abstract ContentResolver getContentResolver();
/**
 * Return the Looper for the main thread of the current process.  This is
 * the thread used to dispatch calls to application components (activities,
 * services, etc).
 * <p>
 * By definition, this method returns the same result as would be obtained
 * by calling {@link Looper#getMainLooper() Looper.getMainLooper()}.
 * </p>
 *
 * @return The main looper.
 */
public abstract Looper getMainLooper();
/**
 * Return an {@link Executor} that will run enqueued tasks on the main
 * thread associated with this context. This is the thread used to dispatch
 * calls to application components (activities, services, etc).
 */
public Executor getMainExecutor() {
    // This is pretty inefficient, which is why ContextImpl overrides it
    return new HandlerExecutor(new Handler(getMainLooper()));
}
public abstract Context getApplicationContext();
public final CharSequence getText(@StringRes int resId) {
    return getResources().getText(resId);
}
/**
 * Returns a localized string from the application's package's
 * default string table.
 *
 * @param resId Resource id for the string
 * @return The string data associated with the resource, stripped of styled
 *         text information.
 */
@NonNull
public final String getString(@StringRes int resId) {
    return getResources().getString(resId);
}
/**
 * Returns a localized formatted string from the application's package's
 * default string table, substituting the format arguments as defined in
 * {@link java.util.Formatter} and {@link java.lang.String#format}.
 *
 * @param resId Resource id for the format string
 * @param formatArgs The format arguments that will be used for
 *                   substitution.
 * @return The string data associated with the resource, formatted and
 *         stripped of styled text information.
 */
@NonNull
public final String getString(@StringRes int resId, Object... formatArgs) {
    return getResources().getString(resId, formatArgs);
}
/**
 * Returns a color associated with a particular resource ID and styled for
 * the current theme.
 *
 * @param id The desired resource identifier, as generated by the aapt
 *           tool. This integer encodes the package, type, and resource
 *           entry. The value 0 is an invalid identifier.
 * @return A single color value in the form 0xAARRGGBB.
 * @throws android.content.res.Resources.NotFoundException if the given ID
 *         does not exist.
 */
@ColorInt
public final int getColor(@ColorRes int id) {
    return getResources().getColor(id, getTheme());
}
/**
 * Returns a drawable object associated with a particular resource ID and
 * styled for the current theme.
 *
 * @param id The desired resource identifier, as generated by the aapt
 *           tool. This integer encodes the package, type, and resource
 *           entry. The value 0 is an invalid identifier.
 * @return An object that can be used to draw this resource.
 * @throws android.content.res.Resources.NotFoundException if the given ID
 *         does not exist.
 */
@Nullable
public final Drawable getDrawable(@DrawableRes int id) {
    return getResources().getDrawable(id, getTheme());
}
/**
 * Returns a color state list associated with a particular resource ID and
 * styled for the current theme.
 *
 * @param id The desired resource identifier, as generated by the aapt
 *           tool. This integer encodes the package, type, and resource
 *           entry. The value 0 is an invalid identifier.
 * @return A color state list.
 * @throws android.content.res.Resources.NotFoundException if the given ID
 *         does not exist.
 */
@NonNull
public final ColorStateList getColorStateList(@ColorRes int id) {
    return getResources().getColorStateList(id, getTheme());
}
 /**
 * Set the base theme for this context.  Note that this should be called
 * before any views are instantiated in the Context (for example before
 * calling {@link android.app.Activity#setContentView} or
 * {@link android.view.LayoutInflater#inflate}).
 *
 * @param resid The style resource describing the theme.
 */
public abstract void setTheme(@StyleRes int resid);
/** @hide Needed for some internal implementation...  not public because
 * you can't assume this actually means anything. */
@UnsupportedAppUsage
public int getThemeResId() {
    return 0;
}
/**
 * Return the Theme object associated with this Context.
 */
@ViewDebug.ExportedProperty(deepExport = true)
public abstract Resources.Theme getTheme();
/**
 * Retrieve styled attribute information in this Context's theme.  See
 * {@link android.content.res.Resources.Theme#obtainStyledAttributes(int[])}
 * for more information.
 *
 * @see android.content.res.Resources.Theme#obtainStyledAttributes(int[])
 */
@NonNull
public final TypedArray obtainStyledAttributes(@NonNull @StyleableRes int[] attrs) {
    return getTheme().obtainStyledAttributes(attrs);
}
/**
 * Retrieve styled attribute information in this Context's theme.  See
 * {@link android.content.res.Resources.Theme#obtainStyledAttributes(int, int[])}
 * for more information.
 *
 * @see android.content.res.Resources.Theme#obtainStyledAttributes(int, int[])
 */
@NonNull
public final TypedArray obtainStyledAttributes(@StyleRes int resid,
        @NonNull @StyleableRes int[] attrs) throws Resources.NotFoundException {
    return getTheme().obtainStyledAttributes(resid, attrs);
}
/**
 * Retrieve styled attribute information in this Context's theme.  See
 * {@link android.content.res.Resources.Theme#obtainStyledAttributes(AttributeSet, int[], int, int)}
 * for more information.
 *
 * @see android.content.res.Resources.Theme#obtainStyledAttributes(AttributeSet, int[], int, int)
 */
@NonNull
public final TypedArray obtainStyledAttributes(
        @Nullable AttributeSet set, @NonNull @StyleableRes int[] attrs) {
    return getTheme().obtainStyledAttributes(set, attrs, 0, 0);
}
/**
 * Retrieve styled attribute information in this Context's theme.  See
 * {@link android.content.res.Resources.Theme#obtainStyledAttributes(AttributeSet, int[], int, int)}
 * for more information.
 *
 * @see android.content.res.Resources.Theme#obtainStyledAttributes(AttributeSet, int[], int, int)
 */
@NonNull
public final TypedArray obtainStyledAttributes(@Nullable AttributeSet set,
        @NonNull @StyleableRes int[] attrs, @AttrRes int defStyleAttr,
        @StyleRes int defStyleRes) {
    return getTheme().obtainStyledAttributes(
        set, attrs, defStyleAttr, defStyleRes);
}

总之，Context在Android开发中具有重要的效果，它供给了拜访运用程序资源、发动组件、拜访体系服务以及处理资源生命周期的才能。开发者能够运用Context来完结各种运用程序功用和与体系环境的交互。

Context有哪些

Context 自身是一个抽象类，首要完结类为 ContextImpl，别的有子类 ContextWrapper 和 ContextThemeWrapper，别的还有其他由上述三个类引申出来的Context类，Application/Service/Activity，他们的承继联系如下：

`ContextImpl`/`ContextWrapper`/`ContextThemeWrapper`的差异

ContextImpl	ContextWrapper	ContextThemeWrapper
`ContextImpl`是`Context`的首要完结类，它供给了大部分`Context`的基本功用和行为。它是Android框架中真实的上下文完结类，用于处理运用程序的资源拜访、组件发动、文件操作和体系服务等操作。	`ContextWrapper`是一个包装类，用于对现有的Context目标进行包装或修改其功用。它是`Context`的一个间接子类，能够经过承继`ContextWrapper`类来扩展`Context`的功用，例如增加自定义的行为或修改`Context`的行为。	`ContextThemeWrapper`：`ContextThemeWrapper`是`Context`的另一个包装类，它承继自`ContextWrapper`类。与`ContextWrapper`类似，`ContextThemeWrapper`也是用于包装现有的`Context`目标，但它还供给了自己的主题资源。经过`ContextThemeWrapper`，能够为特定的上下文设置不同的主题，以完结界面的样式和外观的改变。

ContextImpl

上文说到，Context自身是一个抽象类，首要的完结类便是ContextImpl，即Context的那些功用都是在ContexImpl中完结的，即ContextImpl实践承担着供给运用程序资源拜访、组件发动和体系服务等功用的职责。

public class ContextImpl extends Context {
    private Resources mResources;
    private Theme mTheme;
    void setResources(Resources r) {
        if (r instanceof CompatResources) {
            ((CompatResources) r).setContext(this);
        }
        mResources = r;
    }
    @Override
    public Resources getResources() {
        return mResources;
    }
    @Override
    public void setTheme(int resId) {
        synchronized (mSync) {
            if (mThemeResource != resId) {
                mThemeResource = resId;
                initializeTheme();
            }
        }
    }
    public Resources.Theme getTheme() {
        synchronized (mSync) {
            if (mTheme != null) {
                return mTheme;
            }
            mThemeResource = Resources.selectDefaultTheme(mThemeResource,
                    getOuterContext().getApplicationInfo().targetSdkVersion);
            initializeTheme();
            return mTheme;
        }
    }
    private void initializeTheme() {
        if (mTheme == null) {
            mTheme = mResources.newTheme();
        }
        mTheme.applyStyle(mThemeResource, true);
    }
    // 其他办法的完结省掉...
}

在ContextImpl，咱们要点重视一下Resource及Theme的相关完结，ContextImpl中供给了getResources/setResources办法，用于获取Resources以及设置Resources，以供给资源的拜访。

在getTheme/setTheme用于获取Theme以及设置Theme，以供给对主题的拜访.

要点看一下getTheme()办法，该办法，会首要获取mThemeResource，这儿直接挑选的体系默许主题，体系会依据不同的sdk版别挑选不同的默许主题。

@UnsupportedAppUsage
public static int selectDefaultTheme(int curTheme, int targetSdkVersion) {
    return selectSystemTheme(curTheme, targetSdkVersion,
            com.android.internal.R.style.Theme,
            com.android.internal.R.style.Theme_Holo,
            com.android.internal.R.style.Theme_DeviceDefault,
            com.android.internal.R.style.Theme_DeviceDefault_Light_DarkActionBar);
}
/** @hide */
public static int selectSystemTheme(int curTheme, int targetSdkVersion, int orig, int holo,
        int dark, int deviceDefault) {
    if (curTheme != ID_NULL) {
        return curTheme;
    }
    if (targetSdkVersion < Build.VERSION_CODES.HONEYCOMB) {
        return orig;
    }
    if (targetSdkVersion < Build.VERSION_CODES.ICE_CREAM_SANDWICH) {
        return holo;
    }
    if (targetSdkVersion < Build.VERSION_CODES.N) {
        return dark;
    }
    return deviceDefault;
}

经过ContextImpl的实例，运用程序能够获取到Resources目标和Theme目标，然后完结对资源和主题的拜访和处理。需求留意的是，这是一个简化的，实践的ContextImpl源码非常复杂，还涉及到处理上下文的生命周期、体系服务的获取等方面的逻辑。

ContextWrapper

ContextWrapper是一个包装类，内部包括一个mBase成员变量，一切的完结都是调用mBase的办法。

public class ContextWrapper extends Context {
    @UnsupportedAppUsage
    Context mBase;
    public ContextWrapper(Context base) {
        mBase = base;
    }
    @Override
    public void setTheme(int resid) {
        mBase.setTheme(resid);
    }
    /** @hide */
    @Override
    @UnsupportedAppUsage
    public int getThemeResId() {
        return mBase.getThemeResId();
    }
    @Override
    public Resources.Theme getTheme() {
        return mBase.getTheme();
    }
    @Override
    public ClassLoader getClassLoader() {
        return mBase.getClassLoader();
    }
    @Override
    public String getPackageName() {
        return mBase.getPackageName();
    }
 }

ContextThemeWrapper

ContextThemeWrapper承继自ContextWrapper，从姓名中能够看出，该类首要是跟主题相关的包装类：

public class ContextThemeWrapper extends ContextWrapper {
    ...
    @Override
    public Resources getResources() {
        return getResourcesInternal();
    }
    private Resources getResourcesInternal() {
        if (mResources == null) {
            if (mOverrideConfiguration == null) {
                mResources = super.getResources();
            } else {
                final Context resContext = createConfigurationContext(mOverrideConfiguration);
                mResources = resContext.getResources();
            }
        }
        return mResources;
    }
    @Override
    public void setTheme(int resid) {
        if (mThemeResource != resid) {
            mThemeResource = resid;
            initializeTheme();
        }
    }
    @Override
    public Resources.Theme getTheme() {
        if (mTheme != null) {
            return mTheme;
        }
        mThemeResource = Resources.selectDefaultTheme(mThemeResource,
                getApplicationInfo().targetSdkVersion);
        initializeTheme();
        return mTheme;
    }
    @UnsupportedAppUsage
    private void initializeTheme() {
        final boolean first = mTheme == null;
        if (first) {
            mTheme = getResources().newTheme();
            final Resources.Theme theme = getBaseContext().getTheme();
            if (theme != null) {
                mTheme.setTo(theme);
            }
        }
        onApplyThemeResource(mTheme, mThemeResource, first);
    }
    ...
}

和ContextImpl相比较，ContextThemeWrapper中获取资源以及主题的代码有所不同，多了一个Configuration，其他行为大致一致。

别的在AppCompat中，默许的主题为Theme_AppCompat_Light，

package androidx.appcompat.view;
public class ContextThemeWrapper extends ContextWrapper {
    ... 
    @Override
    public Resources.Theme getTheme() {
        if (mTheme != null) {
            return mTheme;
        }
        if (mThemeResource == 0) {
            mThemeResource = R.style.Theme_AppCompat_Light;
        }
        initializeTheme();
        return mTheme;
    }
}

App中不同Context目标的Theme

咱们在开发中，常常会用到各种Context，常用的有activity/application/applicationContext/baseContext，为了测验不同Context中Theme目标，咱们编写如下代码：

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
        printLog("baseContext is ${baseContext.themeResId} baseContext is $baseContext")
        printLog("application is ${application.themeResId} application is $application")
        printLog("applicationContext is ${applicationContext.themeResId} applicationContext is $applicationContext")
        printLog("activity is ${this.themeResId}")
    }
    private fun printLog(msg: String) {
        println("MainActivity themeResId in $msg")
    }
}

咱们分别获取每个Context对应的themeResId，即每个Context中Theme对应的resId：

对代码运转成果咱们有如下结论：

getApplication和getApplicationContext得到的是同一个Application实例目标；
Application目标中的themeResId 为0 ，Application其实也有主题的运用，究竟主题样式都是针对UI元素的；
**Activity中的主题和getBaseContext**中的主题是不一样的，详细对应什么主题下文将进行探求
getBaseContext中得到的是ContextThemeWrapper，这点让我有点意外，之前的了解都是Activity发动时，会新建一个ContextImpl目标，在attachBaseContext中赋予Activity中的mBase，所以仔细研究一下发现，其实是AppCompatActivity做了替换：

//androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
// AppCompatActivity重写了Activity中的attachBaseContext办法
@Override
protected void attachBaseContext(Context newBase) {
    super.attachBaseContext(getDelegate().attachBaseContext2(newBase));
}

咱们看一下署理类AppCompatDelegateImpl中attachBaseContext2的完结：

//androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatDelegateImpl
@NonNull
@Override
@CallSuper
public Context attachBaseContext2(@NonNull final Context baseContext) {
    mBaseContextAttached = true;
    final int modeToApply = mapNightMode(baseContext, calculateNightMode());
    // If the base context is a ContextThemeWrapper (thus not an Application context)
    // and nobody's touched its Resources yet, we can shortcut and directly apply our
    // override configuration.
    if (sCanApplyOverrideConfiguration
            && baseContext instanceof android.view.ContextThemeWrapper) {
        final Configuration config = createOverrideConfigurationForDayNight(
                baseContext, modeToApply, null);
        ContextThemeWrapperCompatApi17Impl.applyOverrideConfiguration(
                (android.view.ContextThemeWrapper) baseContext, config);
        return baseContext;
    }
    // Again, but using the AppCompat version of ContextThemeWrapper.
    if (baseContext instanceof ContextThemeWrapper) {
        final Configuration config = createOverrideConfigurationForDayNight(
                baseContext, modeToApply, null);
        ((ContextThemeWrapper) baseContext).applyOverrideConfiguration(config);
        return baseContext;
    }
    // We can't apply the configuration directly to the existing base context, so we need to
    // wrap it. We can't create a new configuration context since the app may rely on method
    // overrides or a specific theme -- neither of which are preserved when creating a
    // configuration context. Instead, we'll make a best-effort at wrapping the context and
    // rebasing the original theme.
    if (!sCanReturnDifferentContext) {
        return super.attachBaseContext2(baseContext);
    }
    Configuration configOverlay = null;
    final Configuration config = createOverrideConfigurationForDayNight(
            baseContext, modeToApply, configOverlay);
      //要点1：新建ContextThemeWrapper目标将传入的baseContext赋值给ContextWrapper中的mBase，
      // 而且ContextThemeWrapper中的主题为Theme_AppCompat_Empty
    // Next, we'll wrap the base context to ensure any method overrides or themes are left
    // intact. Since ThemeOverlay.AppCompat theme is empty, we'll get the base context's theme.
    final ContextThemeWrapper wrappedContext = new ContextThemeWrapper(baseContext,
            R.style.Theme_AppCompat_Empty);
    wrappedContext.applyOverrideConfiguration(config);
    // Check whether the base context has an explicit theme or is able to obtain one
    // from its outer context. If it throws an NPE because we're at an invalid point in app
    // initialization, we don't need to worry about rebasing under the new configuration.
    boolean needsThemeRebase;
    try {
        needsThemeRebase = baseContext.getTheme() != null;
    } catch (NullPointerException e) {
        needsThemeRebase = false;
    }
    if (needsThemeRebase) {
        // Attempt to rebase the old theme within the new configuration. This will only
        // work on SDK 23 and up, but it's unlikely that we're keeping the base theme
        // anyway so maybe nobody will notice. Note that calling getTheme() will clone
        // the base context's theme into the wrapped context's theme.
        ResourcesCompat.ThemeCompat.rebase(wrappedContext.getTheme());
    }
    return super.attachBaseContext2(wrappedContext);
}
//androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatDelegate
@NonNull
@CallSuper
public Context attachBaseContext2(@NonNull Context context) {
// 要点2，将上一步包装了baseContext的ContextThemeWrapper目标进一步赋值给Activity的mBase
    attachBaseContext(context);
    return context;
}

终究AppCompatActivity中的mBase是包装了ContextImpl的ContextThemeWrapper目标，而且其主题为Theme_AppCompat_Empty

关于第三点，getBaseActivity和Activity中的主题到底是哪一个，咱们能够依据resId和resources索引表resource.arsc（直接将apk文件拖到AndroidStudio中就能够看到该文件）找到：

2131755410和2131755474对应16进制为0x7f100192与0x7f1001d2

能够看到，getBaseActivity和Activity中的主题分别对应Theme_AppCompat_Empty 与咱们在AndroidManifest.xml中设置的运用主题Theme.ThemeTest

总结

Context是Android运用程序与体系环境进行交互的桥梁，首要完结类是ContextImpl, 能够拜访运用程序资源/发动组件/拜访体系服务/拜访运用程序的文件等，而Context能够分为三种：ContextImpl/ContextWrapper/ContextThemeWrapper，不同ContextImpl 是Context的首要完结类，ContextWrapper是简单的包装类，一切的完结都由其内部的mBase成员完结，ContextThemeWrapper承继自ContextWrapper ，它的首要承继者是Activity，和其他两个Context不同的是，他内部对运用资源和主题有不同的行为，在运用中运用跟主题相关的Context时，最好运用activity，而不要运用getBaseContext或者applictaion.

理解Android中不同的Context

Context是什么，有什么用

Context有哪些

`ContextImpl`/`ContextWrapper`/`ContextThemeWrapper`的差异

ContextImpl

ContextWrapper

ContextThemeWrapper

App中不同Context目标的Theme

总结

参考文档

作者信息

理解Android中不同的Context

Context是什么，有什么用

Context有哪些

ContextImpl/ContextWrapper/ContextThemeWrapper的差异

ContextImpl

ContextWrapper

ContextThemeWrapper

App中不同Context目标的Theme

总结

参考文档

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作者信息

`ContextImpl`/`ContextWrapper`/`ContextThemeWrapper`的差异